So doctors recommend that teens who have mono avoid contact sports for at least a month after symptoms are gone. Don't do any strenuous activities until your doctor says it's OK.
In most cases, mono symptoms go away in a matter of weeks with plenty of rest and fluids. If they seem to linger or get worse, or if you have any other questions, call your doctor.
Larger text size Large text size Regular text size. What Is Mononucleosis? What Causes Mono? These include: fever sore throat with swollen tonsils that may have white patches swollen lymph nodes glands in the neck being very tired A person also can have: headaches sore muscles weakness belly pain with a larger-than-normal liver or spleen an organ in the upper left part of the belly skin rash loss of appetite Is Mono Contagious?
How Is Mono Diagnosed? How Is Mono Treated? How Long Does Mono Last? Can Mono Be Prevented? While this has proved effective against many diseases, some vaccines developed by this technique produce occasional side-effects in patients.
New methods using recombinant DNA technology have led to the development of many vaccines that use only a small part of the disease-causing organism or that use a harmless version of the microbe. For example, by removing genes from the cholera bacterium it becomes safe to use in a vaccine. These methods produce extremely safe vaccines, but they are often less effective than whole-cell vaccines. This usually involves the use of what are called adjuvants, which are substances added to the vaccine to aid its operation.
Conventional vaccines mostly use aluminium salt as an adjuvant, but recent work has tested oil-based emulsions that contain biodegradable material. Vaccines have been developed at the University of Oxford in the UK that use genetically engineered viruses as a vector to carry genes for both antigen and adjuvant proteins.
This technology could potentially help in the fight against diseases such as malaria and HIV that have been traditionally difficult to vaccinate against. Vaccine development agencies recognise the importance of increasing the rate of childhood immunisation.
One way of achieving this would be to develop vaccines that could be taken orally or nasally, rather than by injection.
With this in mind, researchers have investigated the use of what are called microcapsules. These consist of an inner reservoir of antigen surrounded by an outer, biodegradable polymer wall, through which the antigen is released slowly. Vaccines administered in this way have been shown to produce strong, sustained immune responses for some antigens.
One advantage of microcapsules is that refrigeration is not required, making them suitable for remote regions. Scientists are currently investigating the possible safety implications of having microcapsules in the body for extended periods.
If the method proves to be safe, it may become widely used for vaccine administration. Another way of boosting the rate of childhood immunisation would be to combine vaccines so that patients could be vaccinated against several diseases at one time.
Some combinations are already available the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine is one example , and researchers continue to seek ways of combining vaccines without reducing their effectiveness. Armed with an understanding of the molecular structure of antigens for a particular disease, scientists are often able to replicate certain peptides of the antigen in the laboratory.
These peptides show promise as vaccines because they can produce an immune response in patients. Longer chains of amino acids are called proteins. Nevertheless, despite considerable promise, there has been surprisingly little progress in the development of synthetic peptide vaccines. One reason for this might be that the peptides are too small and unstable to provoke an effective immune response.
Australian scientists at the Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology are pioneering work to polymerise join together small peptides.
Early results suggest that the polymerisation process aids the potency of the peptides as antigens, and may also allow peptides against more than one disease to be included in the same molecular structure. Trials in the USA have been conducted to test whether drug addiction can be treated with vaccines.
Nicotine, cocaine and methamphetamine addiction could all potentially be treated this way. Vaccination for addiction gradually stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that bind to the drug. This then progressively prevents the drug from entering the brain, reducing the effect on the body with minimal withdrawal symptoms.
By targeting the specific molecules that are found on the surface of tumour cells, vaccines can produce an immune response to cancerous cells. Cancer vaccines that show promise are those that target telomerase, an enzyme that makes cancer cells immortal.
One of the first steps in the development of the vaccine was to define the antigens of the virus that are important in the immune control of it. The trial has been completed and scientists are now confident that the vaccine does not have any harmful effects on patients. Recipients didn't develop infectious mononucleosis, but being a small trial the vaccine's effectiveness in preventing disease could not be accurately assessed. Another vaccine developed in Europe that is based on a surface protein of the virus, gp, has successfully reduced EBV infections in an month trial.
Attempts are also being made to grow and expand T-cells in the laboratory to help cure various forms of EBV-induced cancers. This approach should be particularly useful for treating patients suffering from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.
Recently, a group from Germany described an alternative strategy for EBV vaccine. Immunisation of animals with these virus-like particles induced anti-EBV neutralising antibody and cellular immune responses. Human trials with this vaccine formulation are expected to start very soon. Over the last decade, there has been considerable progress on the development of therapeutic vaccines for EBV-associated cancers.
These diseases include nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma, which generally express limited number of EBV proteins. In the past, it was commonly known as kissing disease or mono. The virus that causes glandular fever is known as Epstein-Barr virus. Glandular fever mainly affects young adults.
Fever and sore throat with exudate deposits of fluid around the tonsils and pharynx are typical symptoms of glandular fever. Other clinical features include:. The symptoms usually develop four to six weeks after infection with the virus. In young children, glandular fever usually causes mild or no symptoms. Most people are infected with Epstein-Barr virus at some point in their lives, but not all develop symptoms of glandular fever.
Up to 50 per cent of people who are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus will develop symptoms. Glandular fever spreads through close, personal contact and is transmitted by saliva. It is most common among high school and university aged students, but young children can also become infected by saliva on toys, shared cups or the hands of carers.
Excretion of the virus from the pharynx throat can occur for months, or even longer, after infection. There is no specific treatment for glandular fever. You will not have to be isolated from other people. Most people get better with no problems. But sometimes glandular fever may lead to other problems like:. Page last reviewed: 01 December Next review due: 01 December Glandular fever. Non-urgent advice: See a GP if you have:.
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