Complement is a part of a sentence that constitutes a word or a group of words that modifies the subject, verb, or object. Complements are needed in a sentence and one should be aware of the correct usage of it in a sentence and about the various forms in which a complement can be used in a sentence.
Complement is the element that gives a specific meaning to a sentence. When it is removed, the sentence will lose its meaning. Usually, one cannot write or speak complete sentences without a complement in it.
There are different forms for using a complement in a sentence and the sentence needs to be identified with a particular message. An adjunct is a part of a sentence that constitutes a word or set of words that can give extra information on the functionaries of a sentence. These functionaries can be different parts of a sentence such as subject, object, or predicate. In English Grammar, adjuncts are one of the five significant elements of clause structure which is not a necessary phrase to the structure but word or words that can provide some additional meaning to the sentence.
In the sentence I kept a copy of the document on my shelf , the phrase on my shelf adds extra meaning to the sentence. It tells where, and that is an adjunct. Without an adjunct, sentences can be a little dry and sometimes unable to convey answers to questions like how, where, why, etc. A subject complement is usually a noun or an adjective that renames or defines the subject in some way.
Subject complements always follow a linking verb. For example,. Slippery roads are dangerous. An object complement modifies or refers to the direct object. It always follows the object of a sentence. An object complement is always a noun or an adjective. A verb complement is a noun or a noun phrase that occurs after the verb.
No or not? Nowadays , these days or today? Open or opened? Opportunity or possibility? Opposite or in front of? Other , others , the other or another? Out or out of? Permit or permission? Person , persons or people? Pick or pick up? Play or game? Politics , political , politician or policy? Price or prize? Principal or principle? Quiet or quite? Raise or rise? Remember or remind?
Right or rightly? Rob or steal? Say or tell? So that or in order that? Sometimes or sometime? Sound or noise? Speak or talk? Such or so? Towards or toward? Wait or wait for? Wake , wake up or awaken? Worth or worthwhile? Noun phrases: dependent words Noun phrases: order Noun phrases: uses Noun phrases: noun phrases and verbs Noun phrases: two noun phrases together. Pronouns: possessive my , mine , your , yours , etc. Pronouns: reflexive myself , themselves , etc.
Pronouns: indefinite - body , - one , - thing , - where Pronouns: one , you , we , they Relative pronouns Questions: interrogative pronouns what , who Someone , somebody , something , somewhere That. Dates Measurements Number Time. Geographical places Names and titles: addressing people Nationalities, languages, countries and regions Place names. Reported speech Reported speech: direct speech Reported speech: indirect speech.
British and American English Dialect Double negatives and usage Formal and informal language Newspaper headlines Register Slang Standard and non-standard language Swearing and taboo expressions. Past simple I worked Past continuous I was working Past continuous or past simple?
Past simple or present perfect? Used to Past perfect simple I had worked Past perfect continuous I had been working Past perfect simple or past perfect continuous? Past perfect simple or past simple? Past verb forms referring to the present Past: typical errors.
Present continuous I am working Present perfect continuous I have been working Present perfect simple I have worked Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous? Present perfect: typical errors Present simple I work Present simple or present continuous? Present: typical errors Present verb forms referring to the past.
Finite and non-finite verbs Imperative clauses Be quiet! Infinitives with and without to Infinitive: active or passive? Perfect infinitive with to to have worked Verbs: basic forms Verbs: formation. Hate , like , love and prefer Hear , see , etc. Get passive Have something done Passive: forms Passives with and without an agent Passive: uses Passive: other forms Passive: typical errors.
And the syntactic category, and semantic relation of the modifier to the head word should remain fixed. As a consequence, if the modifier is a prepositional phrase, the preposition should not be changed, because that almost always affects the semantic relation. The purpose of the initial example, then, is to fix the head word, the meaning, the semantic relation, and the category of the complement. Almost everything else can be changed and should be, in the service of producing a good example.
Initial example: I had an argument with a colleague. The agenda is something the argument possesses, the colleague is your opponent in the argument.
The agenda is not the opponent in the argument and the argument does not possess a colleague. As a set of properties that all converge on making the same distinction they constitute an argument for it. Some of them are also simple predictions that follow directly from making this structural distinction. Order of complements and adjuncts If you look closely at the complement and adjunct rules you will see that in any tree containing both a complement and an adjunct, the complement must always occur closer to the noun.
John's desire for justice Let's test whether in Switzerland is a complement or an adjunct, given the little we know so far. John's desire for justice in Switzerland? John's desire in Switzerland for justice The second NP is certainly more marked, so we have some evidence for the claim that for justice is a complement.
Iterability of adjuncts The adjunct rule has the interesting property that it can be applied any number of times. It has an N' as both the mother and the daughter. This is wrong: John handed Mary the ball. There are clearly verbs that take two obligatory complements, which must both be sisters to the lexical head: This is not two applications of the complement rule. The noun student is clearly not one of them. It is only relevant when the head is a noun. One is an anaphoric element that seems to be able to take an entire N-bar as its antecedent.
Bill has a yellow car with green racing stripes. Sue wants a blue one. Do-so replacement This works just like one- replacement only it is for use when the head is a V instead of an N. John danced on the stairs and Sue did so on the stage, The italicized words are what do so replaces in each sentence, and the fact that it replaces dance successfully is evidence that dance is a V' , and therefore that on the stairs is an adjunct.
Meanwhile the fact that do so cannot replace relied successfully is evidence that relied is not a V' , and therefore that on Mary is an adjunct. Coordination We can coordinate adjuncts with adjuncts and complements with complements: The student with red hair and with green eyes was quite striking. A student of astronomy and of physics must be smart.
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