A brief analysis of these three research breakthroughs reveals a research web of over , publications since Apple first published their phone patent in Add the factor of supporting researchers, funders, universities and companies behind them, and the contributing network is simply awe-inspiring. There are countless other research breakthroughs without which the iPhone would not be possible.
Some well-known, others less so. All had research at their core. The iPhone is an era-defining technology. In our age of seemingly insurmountable global challenges, we must not only remember this but be inspired by it. We must encourage openness and transparency at the heart of research, ensuring it is disseminated as widely, quickly and clearly as possible. We must remember that every delay and distortion matters. Research integrity and reproducibility, transparent peer review, open access, diversity—these are more than just buzzwords.
They are exciting steps toward reforming the infrastructure of a global research ecosystem that has always been our best hope for the future.
The views expressed are those of the author s and are not necessarily those of Scientific American. He is director of publisher and funder growth at Publons, the world's largest peer review platform and a part of Clarivate Analytics.
Already a subscriber? Sign in. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. See Subscription Options. Go Paperless with Digital. Then we typed the G, and the system crashed… The course of true innovation never did run smoothly. Get smart.
Sign up for our email newsletter. Sign Up. Read More Previous. Support science journalism. Knowledge awaits. See Subscription Options Already a subscriber? The first home computer with a GUI, or graphical user interface — an interface that allows users to interact with visual icons — was the Apple Lisa. This machine, though, was quite large. Jobs adapted the technology for the Apple Lisa, a computer small enough to fit on a desktop. In , Apple introduced its most successful product yet — the Macintosh , a personal computer that came with a built-in screen and mouse.
The machine featured a GUI, an operating system known as System 1 the earliest version of Mac OS , and a number of software programs, including the word processor MacWrite and the graphics editor MacPaint. The New York Times said that the Macintosh was the beginning of a "revolution in personal computing. He went on to found NeXT Inc. Over the course of the s, the Macintosh underwent many changes.
In , the company introduced three new models — the Macintosh Classic, Macintosh LC, and Macintosh IIsi — all of which were smaller and cheaper than the original computer. A year later Apple released the PowerBook, the earliest version of the company's laptop computer.
In , Jobs returned to Apple as the interim CEO, and a year later the company introduced a new personal computer, the iMac. The machine became iconic for its semi-transparent plastic case, which was eventually produced in a variety of colors.
The iMac was a strong seller, and Apple quickly went to work developing a suite of digital tools for its users, including the music player iTunes, the video editor iMovie, and the photo editor iPhoto. These were made available as a software bundle known as iLife. In , Apple released its first version of the iPod, a portable music player that allowed users to store " songs in your pocket. By , Apple had sold million units. In , Apple extended its reach into the consumer electronics market with the release of the iPhone , a smartphone that sold over 6 million units.
Later models of the iPhone have added a multitude of features, including GPS navigation, Touch ID, and facial recognition, along with the ability to shoot photos and video. In , Apple sold million iPhones, making the device the top-selling tech product of the year. In , the tech giant became the first U. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Apple has also been ranked No.
The studio merged with Walt Disney in , making Jobs Disney's largest shareholder. Jobs and Laurene Powell married on March 18, Jobs also fathered a daughter, Lisa, with girlfriend Chrisann Brennan in , when he was He denied paternity of his daughter in court documents, claiming he was sterile. Lisa Brennan Jobs later wrote of her childhood and relationship with Jobs in her book Small Fry , published in In , Lisa wrote, DNA tests revealed that she and Jobs were a match, and he was required to begin making paternity payments to her financially struggling mother.
Jobs did not initiate a relationship with his daughter until she was 7 years old. When she was a teenager, Lisa came to live with her father. In , Jobs discovered that he had a neuroendocrine tumor, a rare but operable form of pancreatic cancer.
Instead of immediately opting for surgery, Jobs chose to alter his pesco-vegetarian diet while weighing Eastern treatment options. For nine months, Jobs postponed surgery, making Apple's board of directors nervous. Executives feared that shareholders would pull their stock if word got out that their CEO was ill. But in the end, Jobs' confidentiality took precedence over shareholder disclosure.
In , Jobs had successful surgery to remove the pancreatic tumor. True to form, in subsequent years Jobs disclosed little about his health. Early in , reports circulated about Jobs' weight loss, some predicting his health issues had returned, which included a liver transplant.
Jobs responded to these concerns by stating he was dealing with a hormone imbalance. Days later, he went on a six-month leave of absence. After nearly a year out of the spotlight, Jobs delivered a keynote address at an invite-only Apple event on September 9, He continued to serve as master of ceremonies, which included the unveiling of the iPad, throughout much of In January , Jobs announced he was going on medical leave. Jobs died in Palo Alto on October 5, , after battling pancreatic cancer for nearly a decade.
He was 56 years old.
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